rhychydwr1
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RAZVOJ RASVJETE ZA SPELEOLO?KE POTREBE [The development of lighting equipment used in speleology] by Vlado Bo?i? 2016 36 pp, numerous colour photos at least two a page. In Croatian with English summary. I can supply.
This is a detailed book which begins about a million years ago when our ancestors first used fire. But it was not until the Stone Age when we find evidence in the form of torches, kindling wood and lighting cups that were used underground.
Unfortunately, it is not known how our ancestors started the fire. However, it is known that since the Iron Age man used amadou, flint and iron to start a fire and that these techniques were used until the invention of matches in the 19th century. It was not until the 20th century that different types of lighters eg petrol, gas, and electric were used. Candles and oil lamps were used throughout ancient history, through the Middle Ages and at the beginning of the modem era.
The same equipment was used to illuminate caves. The explorers carried torches, kindling wood and oil lamps in their hands while the candles were sometimes attached to their hats or helmets. Many pieces of kindling wood (around 3500 years old) were found in Bezdanja?a Cave near Vrhovine.
Electric torches were first used in the exploration of Veternica Cave near Zagreb in 1934. Matches have been used for starting lights since the end of the 19th century. Candles and kindling wood were first used by cavers in 1535.
Carbide was first used by miners at the beginning of the 20th century. The first time carbide was used by cavers in Croatia was in 1935 when Josip Poljak was exploring the Velika Paklenica Caves. Carbide lamps became widespread among speleologists by the end of the 20th century. At first, the original mining lamps were used and the speleologists carried them in their hands but gradually they were adapted so that they could wear them on their helmets.
For some time the speleologists have also used hand torches as a spare source of light. Electric lamps, flashlights and accumulators were also used as a spare source of light by speleologists during the 20th century,.
From the beginning of the 21th century, cavers have increasingly used LED lights. These lamps warrant another book as they are so varied and powerful and it seems that hardly a month goes by without this technology being revised and improved.
Concluding chapters cover the development of lighting in show caves. A separate publication is planned on lighting for photography and video.
When one considers the paintings in such locations as Lascaux, it seems incredible that our ancestors relied on such primitive forms of lighting for their art. One wonders how they would have reacted if they could have had a glimpse of the future.
TO
This is a detailed book which begins about a million years ago when our ancestors first used fire. But it was not until the Stone Age when we find evidence in the form of torches, kindling wood and lighting cups that were used underground.
Unfortunately, it is not known how our ancestors started the fire. However, it is known that since the Iron Age man used amadou, flint and iron to start a fire and that these techniques were used until the invention of matches in the 19th century. It was not until the 20th century that different types of lighters eg petrol, gas, and electric were used. Candles and oil lamps were used throughout ancient history, through the Middle Ages and at the beginning of the modem era.
The same equipment was used to illuminate caves. The explorers carried torches, kindling wood and oil lamps in their hands while the candles were sometimes attached to their hats or helmets. Many pieces of kindling wood (around 3500 years old) were found in Bezdanja?a Cave near Vrhovine.
Electric torches were first used in the exploration of Veternica Cave near Zagreb in 1934. Matches have been used for starting lights since the end of the 19th century. Candles and kindling wood were first used by cavers in 1535.
Carbide was first used by miners at the beginning of the 20th century. The first time carbide was used by cavers in Croatia was in 1935 when Josip Poljak was exploring the Velika Paklenica Caves. Carbide lamps became widespread among speleologists by the end of the 20th century. At first, the original mining lamps were used and the speleologists carried them in their hands but gradually they were adapted so that they could wear them on their helmets.
For some time the speleologists have also used hand torches as a spare source of light. Electric lamps, flashlights and accumulators were also used as a spare source of light by speleologists during the 20th century,.
From the beginning of the 21th century, cavers have increasingly used LED lights. These lamps warrant another book as they are so varied and powerful and it seems that hardly a month goes by without this technology being revised and improved.
Concluding chapters cover the development of lighting in show caves. A separate publication is planned on lighting for photography and video.
When one considers the paintings in such locations as Lascaux, it seems incredible that our ancestors relied on such primitive forms of lighting for their art. One wonders how they would have reacted if they could have had a glimpse of the future.
TO
